在最近的研究中，自我监管的预训练模型倾向于在转移学习中优于监督的预训练模型。特别是，可以在语音应用中使用语音级语音表示的自我监督学习（SSL），这些语音应用需要歧视性表示话语中一致属性的表示：说话者，语言，情感和年龄。现有的框架级别的自我监督语音表示，例如WAV2VEC，可以用作带有汇总的话语级表示，但这些模型通常很大。也有SSL技术可以学习话语级的表示。最成功的方法之一是一种对比方法，它需要负采样：选择替代样品与当前样品（锚）对比。但是，这并不确保所有负面样本属于与没有标签的锚类别不同的​​类别。本文应用了一种非对抗性的自我监督方法来学习话语级的嵌入。我们对没有标签（Dino）从计算机视觉到语音进行了调整，没有标签（Dino）。与对比方法不同，Dino不需要负抽样。我们将Dino与受到监督方式训练的X-Vector进行了比较。当转移到下游任务（说话者验证，语音情绪识别（SER）和阿尔茨海默氏病检测）时，Dino的表现优于X-Vector。我们研究了转移学习过程中几个方面的影响，例如将微调过程分为步骤，块长度或增强。在微调过程中，首先调整最后一个仿射层，然后整个网络一次超过微调。使用较短的块长度，尽管它们产生了更多不同的输入，但并不一定会提高性能，这意味着至少需要具有特定长度的语音段才能为每个应用程序提高性能。增强对SER有帮助。

考虑到大量未标记的语音数据和高标签成本，无监督的学习方法对于更好的系统开发至关重要。最成功的方法之一是对比度的自我监督方法，这些方法需要负采样：采样替代样品与当前样品（锚）对比。但是，很难确保所有负样本属于与没有标签的锚类别不同的​​类别。本文在未标记的语音语料库上应用了一种非对抗性的自我监督学习方法来学习话语级的嵌入。我们使用没有标签的蒸馏（Dino），在计算机视觉中提出，并将其改编为语音域。与对比度方法不同，Dino不需要负采样。这些嵌入是根据说话者验证和情感识别评估的。在说话者验证中，无监督的恐龙与余弦评分嵌入了voxceleb1测试试验中的4.38％EER。这表现优于最佳的对比度自我监督方法，而EER中的相对相对40％。不需要扬声器标签的迭代伪标记训练管道将EER进一步提高到1.89％。在情感识别中，Iemocap，Crema-D和MSP播客的Micro-F1得分分别进行了60.87、79.21和56.98％的恐龙。结果暗示着恐龙嵌入到不同语音应用中的普遍性。

In this paper, we propose a diffusion-based face swapping framework for the first time, called DiffFace, composed of training ID conditional DDPM, sampling with facial guidance, and a target-preserving blending. In specific, in the training process, the ID conditional DDPM is trained to generate face images with the desired identity. In the sampling process, we use the off-the-shelf facial expert models to make the model transfer source identity while preserving target attributes faithfully. During this process, to preserve the background of the target image and obtain the desired face swapping result, we additionally propose a target-preserving blending strategy. It helps our model to keep the attributes of the target face from noise while transferring the source facial identity. In addition, without any re-training, our model can flexibly apply additional facial guidance and adaptively control the ID-attributes trade-off to achieve the desired results. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approach that applies the diffusion model in face swapping task. Compared with previous GAN-based approaches, by taking advantage of the diffusion model for the face swapping task, DiffFace achieves better benefits such as training stability, high fidelity, diversity of the samples, and controllability. Extensive experiments show that our DiffFace is comparable or superior to the state-of-the-art methods on several standard face swapping benchmarks.

Through in-context learning (ICL), large-scale language models are effective few-shot learners without additional model fine-tuning. However, the ICL performance does not scale well with the number of available training samples as it is limited by the inherent input length constraint of the underlying language model. Meanwhile, many studies have revealed that language models are also powerful feature extractors, allowing them to be utilized in a black-box manner and enabling the linear probing paradigm, where lightweight discriminators are trained on top of the pre-extracted input representations. This paper proposes prompt-augmented linear probing (PALP), a hybrid of linear probing and ICL, which leverages the best of both worlds. PALP inherits the scalability of linear probing and the capability of enforcing language models to derive more meaningful representations via tailoring input into a more conceivable form. Throughout in-depth investigations on various datasets, we verified that PALP significantly enhances the input representations closing the gap between ICL in the data-hungry scenario and fine-tuning in the data-abundant scenario with little training overhead, potentially making PALP a strong alternative in a black-box scenario.

Task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems are mainly based on the slot-filling-based TOD (SF-TOD) framework, in which dialogues are broken down into smaller, controllable units (i.e., slots) to fulfill a specific task. A series of approaches based on this framework achieved remarkable success on various TOD benchmarks. However, we argue that the current TOD benchmarks are limited to surrogate real-world scenarios and that the current TOD models are still a long way from unraveling the scenarios. In this position paper, we first identify current status and limitations of SF-TOD systems. After that, we explore the WebTOD framework, the alternative direction for building a scalable TOD system when a web/mobile interface is available. In WebTOD, the dialogue system learns how to understand the web/mobile interface that the human agent interacts with, powered by a large-scale language model.

There is significant interest in deploying machine learning algorithms for diagnostic radiology, as modern learning techniques have made it possible to detect abnormalities in medical images within minutes. While machine-assisted diagnoses cannot yet reliably replace human reviews of images by a radiologist, they could inform prioritization rules for determining the order by which to review patient cases so that patients with time-sensitive conditions could benefit from early intervention. We study this scenario by formulating it as a learning-augmented online scheduling problem. We are given information about each arriving patient's urgency level in advance, but these predictions are inevitably error-prone. In this formulation, we face the challenges of decision making under imperfect information, and of responding dynamically to prediction error as we observe better data in real-time. We propose a simple online policy and show that this policy is in fact the best possible in certain stylized settings. We also demonstrate that our policy achieves the two desiderata of online algorithms with predictions: consistency (performance improvement with prediction accuracy) and robustness (protection against the worst case). We complement our theoretical findings with empirical evaluations of the policy under settings that more accurately reflect clinical scenarios in the real world.

In this work, we explore a useful but often neglected methodology for robustness analysis of text generation evaluation metrics: stress tests with synthetic data. Basically, we design and synthesize a wide range of potential errors and check whether they result in a commensurate drop in the metric scores. We examine a range of recently proposed evaluation metrics based on pretrained language models, for the tasks of open-ended generation, translation, and summarization. Our experiments reveal interesting insensitivities, biases, or even loopholes in existing metrics. For example, we find that BERTScore ignores truncation errors in summarization, and MAUVE (built on top of GPT-2) is insensitive to errors at the beginning of generations. Further, we investigate the reasons behind these blind spots and suggest practical workarounds for a more reliable evaluation of text generation.

Aspect or query-based summarization has recently caught more attention, as it can generate differentiated summaries based on users' interests. However, the current dataset for aspect or query-based summarization either focuses on specific domains, contains relatively small-scale instances, or includes only a few aspect types. Such limitations hinder further explorations in this direction. In this work, we take advantage of crowd-sourcing knowledge on Wikipedia.org and automatically create a high-quality, large-scale open-domain aspect-based summarization dataset named OASum, which contains more than 3.7 million instances with around 1 million different aspects on 2 million Wikipedia pages. We provide benchmark results on OAsum and demonstrate its ability for diverse aspect-based summarization generation. To overcome the data scarcity problem on specific domains, we also perform zero-shot, few-shot, and fine-tuning on seven downstream datasets. Specifically, zero/few-shot and fine-tuning results show that the model pre-trained on our corpus demonstrates a strong aspect or query-focused generation ability compared with the backbone model. Our dataset and pre-trained checkpoints are publicly available.

Generating wind power scenarios is very important for studying the impacts of multiple wind farms that are interconnected to the grid. We develop a graph convolutional generative adversarial network (GCGAN) approach by leveraging GAN's capability in generating large number of realistic scenarios without using statistical modeling. Unlike existing GAN-based wind power data generation approaches, we design GAN's hidden layers to match the underlying spatial and temporal characteristics. We advocate to use graph filters to embed the spatial correlation among multiple wind farms, and a one-dimensional (1D) convolutional layer for representing the temporal feature filters. The proposed graph and feature filter designs significantly reduce the GAN model complexity, leading to improvements on the training efficiency and computation complexity. Numerical results using real wind power data from Australia demonstrate that the scenarios generated by the proposed GCGAN exhibit more realistic spatial and temporal statistics than other GAN-based outputs.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.